INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND THE EFFECTIVE TEACHING OF BASIC SCIENCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND THE EFFECTIVE TEACHING OF BASIC SCIENCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE              –        –        –        –        –        –        –

CERTIFICATION         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        I

DEDICATION               –        –        –        –        –        –        –        II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS     –        –        –        –        –        –        III

ABSTRACT                  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS –      –        –        –        –        –        –      v-vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study – –        –        –        –        –        1
• Statement of the Problem – –        –        –        –        –        5
• Purpose of the Study- –        –        –        –        –        –        7
• Significance of the Study- –        –        –        –        –        8

• Research Questions – –        –        –        –        –        –        9
• Research hypotheses –      –        –        –        –        –        10
• Delimitation of the Study – –        –        –        –        –        10
• Limitation of the Study –    –        –        –        –        10
• Operational Definition of Terms –        –        –      –       –       –    10

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD

3.1     Area of the Study –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        26

3.1     Research Design –          –        –        –        –        –        –        29

3.3     Population of the Study –                  –        –        –        –        –        29

3.4     Sample and Sampling Technique –    –        –        –        –        29

3.5     Instrument for Data Collection –       –        –        –        –        30

3.6     Validation of the Instrument – –        –        –        –        –        31

3.7     Administration of Instrument –         –        –        –        –        –        31

3.8     Method of Data Analysis –      –        –        –        –        –        32

CHAPTER FOUR:  DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1     Data Presentation Analysis-    –        –        –        –        –        33

4.2     Discussion of Findings-           –        –        –        –        –        36

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1     Summary    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        38

5.2     Conclusion –                  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        40

5.3     Recommendations –       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        39

Reference-   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        41

Appendix

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between instructional materials and the effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools in Abak Local Government Area. The study population comprised of all the pupils in all the primary schools in the study area totalling one thousand three hundred and eighty six (1386) pupils. Two research questions and two hypotheses were raised to guide the study. A quasi-experimental research design was adopted for the study.

The sample size for the study was one hundred (100) primary school pupils drawn from ten primary schools out of 43 primary schools in the study area. The instrument used in collecting the needed data for the study was researcher’s made questionnaire called Instructional Materials and the Effective Teaching of Basic Science Questionnaire (IMETBSQ). Simple random sampling technique was employed to select the respondents.

The method used in analysing the data collated was person’s product moment correlation coefficient statistical method. The result of the findings revealed that charts and models have significant relationship with the teaching of Basic science in primary schools in Abak Local Government Area.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Instructional materials have been observed as a powerful strategy to bring about effective teaching and learning. The importance of quality and adequate instructional materials in teaching and learning can occur through their effective utilization during classroom teaching.

Thus, instructional materials here include all the tools that the teachers can use to make the teaching and learning more interesting and memorable. According to Farombi, (2018), instructional materials include books, audio-visual, software and hardware of educational technology.

The priority of all countries, especially the developing ones, is to improve the quality of schools and the achievement of pupils since learning outcomes depend largely on the quality of education being offered. Higher quality education fosters economic growth, social integration and development. Therefore the use of instructional materials in the teaching and learning cannot be overemphasis as it is crucial for realization of educational objectives and curriculum implementation.

According to Abdullahi (2020), instructional materials are materials or tools locally made or imported that could made tremendous enhancement of lesson impact if intelligently used. They are objects or devices, which help the teacher to make a lesson much clearer to the learner. Instructional materials are also described as concrete or physical objects which provide sound, visual or both to the sense organs during teaching (Agina-obu, 2015).

Education is, therefore, viewed as an indispensable catalyst that strongly influences the development and economic fortunes of a nation and the quality of life of its people. In this context, nations, organizations and individuals spend huge sums on the provision and consumption of education for the citizen Todaro (2012)

Instructional materials are in various classes, such as audio or aural, visual or audio-visual. Thus, audio instructional materials refer to those devices that make use of the sense of hearing only. Like radio, audio tape recording.

Visual instructional materials on the other hand. Are those devices that appeal to the sense of sight only such as the chalkboard, chart, slide, and filmstrip. An audio-visual instructional material however, is a combination of devices. Which appeal to the sense of both hearing and seeing such as television, motion picture and the computer. The instructional materials and the effective teaching of basic science in primary schools.

Furthermore, Among the instructional materials the classroom teacher uses. The visuals out-numbered the combination of the audio and audio-visual. Instructional materials are the devices developed or acquired to assist or facilitate teachers in transmitting, organized knowledge skills. Also, attitudes to the learners within an instructional situation (Nwachukwu, 2016). Teachers use different instructional materials to motivate learning.

However, the used of instructional material can enhance the learning achievement Cronbach (2019), the used of instructional material can appeal to the individual attention by creating interest goal that will help the learner achieve direct effort.

In addition, Brown (2015) summarized the role of teaching aids as follows. It promotes meaningful communication and effective learning. They ensure better retention, this making the inaccessible accessible they provide a common experience upon which late learning can be improved. They stimulate and motivate student to learn.

Utilization of instructional material depends on their viability in the school. Teachers often make use of textbooks, charts, models, graphics, realia as well as improvised materials (Awotua-Efebo, 2011).

The success in the skill and knowledge acquisition in an instructional situation depends on the suitability of the instructional material, adequacy and effective utilization of the available materials (Olaitan and Agusiobo, 2014).

Also, the relevance of instructional materials to the objective of the lesson and the ease of use of the instructional materials are serious considerations in instructional materials utilization to better the learner’s performance.

It is against this background that the study sought to investigate the influence of instructional materials and the effective teaching of Basic Science in Primary schools in Abak Local Government Area.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

In spite of the desire for technological development, couple with the fact that basic science is a vital subject for technological development. As such, its teaching and learning as well as pupils’ poor academic performance have become a source of concerns to all stakeholders in educational sector of what could cause poor performance of pupils in schools.

Moreover, it has been observed that pupils complain of being taught principles that seem to be abstraction in nature by their teachers. Thus, so they find it difficult to understand what they are taught. The teachers on their own part shift the blame to the government for not providing the necessary instructional resources for the teaching and learning process in schools.

Also, there are complaints by the teachers, parents and educational stakeholders that the instructional strategies. Used by teachers in teaching of the pupils are not effective as it is mostly abstract to the learners and these have negated pupils’ academic performance. The research therefore sought to find out the relationship between use of instructional materials and the teaching effectiveness in Basic science in primary schools in Abak local Government Area.

1.3     Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between instructional materials and the effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools in Abak Local Government Area. Specifically, the study intends to:

1. determine the relationship between the use of charts and effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools in Abak Local Government Area.
2. determine the relationship between the use of models and effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools in Abak Local Government Area.

1.4  Significance of the Study

The study will be of great benefits to many people who will come across it with reference to teachers, school management, the pupils and the educational system at large in the following ways:

1. Firstly, it will provide learners with systematic and scientific basis for worth wide functional and productively learning experience and activities naturally leading from abstract to concrete ideas.
2. It would bring learners into easy and direct contact with an explorations of all processes, materials, events, situations, changes in time, speed and space which otherwise would be inaccessible.
3. Also, it will help the teacher to arrest and sustain attention present facts and information teaches concepts and principles, guide thinking and include transfer of knowledge.
4. Lastly, the study will be of immense benefits to the government, ministry of education, and the educational policy makers and administrators. As it will emphasize the important of instructional materials in lesson delivery.

1.5  Research Questions

1. What is the relationship between the use of charts and effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools?
2. What is the relationship between the use of charts and effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools?

1.6  Research Hypotheses

1. There is no significant relationship between the use of charts and effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools.
2. There is no significant relationship between the use of models and effective teaching of Basic science in primary schools.

1.7  Limitation of the Study

The researcher encountered some limitation to the scope of the study

Availability of Research Materials: Firstly, the researcher limited the study to ten schools with availability of instructional materials.

Time: Secondly, the time frame allocated for the study could not enhance wider courage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study. The instructional materials and the effective teaching of basic science in primary schools.

Finance: Thirdly, there was dearth of finance on the side of the researcher there by limiting the scope of the study to selected primary schools in the study area.

1.8  Delimitation of the Study

The research work focuses on influence of instructional materials and the effective teaching of basic science in primary schools in Abak Local Government Area. This research work covers only public primary schools in the study area.

Operational Definition of Terms

Instructional Materials: these are tools or devices used by a teacher to motivate learners and for clarity of abstract concept in a lesson.

Teaching: In brief, this is a process of helping a person to learn.

Basic science: In brief, this refers to the science of life of living organism

Primary School: this refers to educational institution that is concerned with the foundational teaching and learning process that has its learners between 5- 12 years of age.

Models: is a representation of a system using general rules and concepts

Availability: refers to the condition of being obtainable or accessible at a particular point in time.

Effectiveness: refers to the maximizing utilization of resources provided.

Ikemesit

Ikemesit Akpan is my name. I am a Nigerian author. I work with projectboss.com.ng. I’m a researcher and a writer of academic research.

ikemesitetukapan20233@gmail.com