INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON ACQUISITION OF MOTOR SKILLS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS
INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON ACQUISITION OF MOTOR SKILLS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Purpose of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Delimitation of the Study
1.7 Limitation of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of the Study
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Research Instrument
3.6 Validation of the Instrument
3.7 Administration of the Instrument
3.8 Scoring of the Instrument
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Presentation of Results
4.2 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE- SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Suggestions for Further Study
References
Appendixes
Abstract
The study of gender and acquisition of motor skills among primary school pupils was conducted in Etinan Local Government Area. Two thousand, six hundred and forty-seven (2, 647) primary five (5) pupils formed the population of the study. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents for the study.
A questionnaire titled: Gender and Acquisition of Motor Skills (GAMS) was the major instrument used for data collection. The data generated from the instrument were analyzed using simple percentage statistics. The results of the findings indicated that gender influences the acquisition of motor skills among pupils in primary schools.
The study therefore recommended among others that more professional Physical and Health Education teachers be posted to primary schools to help pupils in the acquisition of motor skills. The study finally concluded that a professional teacher has to be there in any learning institution to guide the pupils in acquisition of the motor skills irrespective of pupil’s gender.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Undeniably, gender is a natural status of male and female. Moreover, it is a cultural construction that distinguishes the roles, behaviour, mental and emotional characteristics between males and females’ development by the society.
Psychologically, Eda, Fitzpatrick, Almeida, Chantal, and Garon-Carrier (2023) described pupils’ gender in primary schools to encompass male and female adolescents which a prospective teacher would meet during classroom instruction. Thus, their chronological age spans in years is between six and twelve. The issue of gender is therefore a crucial factor in the overall learning and acquisition of motor skills among primary school pupils.
Presently, gender differences have become necessary on the hot list of critical issues around the world. Furthermore, Researchers believe that behavioral responses of children are through motions and muscles, and children can understand themselves and the world around through these behavioral movements; these motor experiences will build their learning infrastructure (Baranek, 2023).
INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON ACQUISITION OF MOTOR SKILLS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS
Differences between boys and girls in performing gross and fine motor tasks could also contribute to distinct predictions and variations in academic performance (Junaid & Fellowes, 2006; Kokštejn et al., 2017). One longitudinal study showed that 3 to 5 years old girls performed better than boys in fine (i.e., manual dexterity) and gross motor skills (i.e., aiming/catching, balance), but that boys outperformed girls by age six in both manual dexterity and aiming/catching (Kokštejn et al., 2017).
The significant sex-based difference was also reported in the gross motor learning process. Girls had more significant gain, retention, and automaticity than boys while practicing maintaining balance at the age of 8 (Schedler et al., 2020).
On the other hand, motor skills play an important role in children’s learning, and improve the growth of the other important learning skills such as educational and social ones. Hence, any disorder in the motor skills procedures causes weaknesses and problems in the learning, and acquisition of personal skills in children (Nazi, Rahbar and Kanimi, 2017).
In addition, Hasanati (2010) has categorized motor skills into two groups: Fine motor skills including directional, separate, precise and skills movements which small and fine muscles need to do. Also, gross motor skills performed by large muscles cause general movements, stability, and balance. The influence of gender on acquisition of motor skills among primary school pupils.
Critically, knowing learning process will assist teachers to know the best or other alternative strategies to aid in teaching pupils.
Without a doubt, the teacher will come to understand individual differences among his/her learners. He can then adopt and use various strategies to teach them; it is known that it is a known fact that learners differ in terms of gender and characteristics, but teachers still ignorantly seems to treat pupils as if they are all alike (Friedman, 2022).
However, although no specific age has been introduced for the development of children motor skills, most of the researchers believe that children mostly gain advanced levels of these skills in pre-school years or at the age of six.
The influence of sex (gender) on the development and acquisitions of skills has also been an issue of concern to most researchers. This is because “gender” appears to have some powerful effects on learning and acquisition of skills. However, studies by Friedman (2022) suggested no significance difference in cognitive ability between males and females. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate low gender influences the acquisition of motor skills among primary schools pupils.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The major problem in this study is the acquisition of motor skills among male and female learners in primary schools. Researchers believe that motor and longitude skills of male and female learners are associated. This is because proper planning and programming for motor skill during childhood.
Especially, before entering school, may transform their evolutionary process. Evaluation of motor skills in both genders of pupils and clearer distinction of fine and gross motor skills aid educational authorities to find the weak and strong points and provide targeted programmes more than ever. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate low gender influences the acquisition of motor skills among primary schools pupils.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study was to examine the influence of gender on acquisition of motor skills among primary school pupils in Etinan Local Government Area. In specific terms, the objectives of the study were:
- To find out how male pupils acquire motor skills in primary schools.
- To investigate how female pupils acquire motor skills in primary schools.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The study of gender and acquisition of motor skills among primary school pupils will provide adequate information on the relevance of positive teachers’ strategy classroom instruction. It will adjust and put on those characters that will positively affect pupil’s acquisition of motor skills. The influence of gender on acquisition of motor skills among primary school pupils.
The findings of this study will also help educational authorities to find out the weak and strong points and equally provide targeted programmes more than ever that will help in the evaluation of motor skills in both genders of pupils.
Teachers in our per-primary schools would see the need to have good manners, good behavior, teaching qualification and select suitable teaching methods for their lessons that will help pupils to acquire their motor skills.
The findings from the study will serve as a reference material to other researchers in the future.
1.5 Research Questions
The following research questions were formulated to guide the researcher in the study:
- To what extent does male gender influence acquisition of motor skills in primary schools?
- How does female gender influence acquisition of motor skills in primary schools?
Definition of Terms
Gender: This refers to the classification of individual into either male or female
Acquisition: This is the act of getting new knowledge and skills through learning and observation.
Motor Skills: These are different ways of using one muscle to produce movement of a part of the body.
Pupils: This principally used to describe individual or person who undergoes studies in primary school.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a careful analysis of the results of the review of literature and the actual research findings in this paper seem to suggest that there is a significant relationship between gender and acquisition of motor skills among primary schools pupils. This is true because learners need motor skills for their selves development. The influence of gender on acquisition of motor skills among primary school pupils.
Moreover, motor skills composed of locomotion, manipulation and stabilization; for example, the gross motor development of an infant involves gaining control over the skills of crawling, walking and standing. Therefore, a professional teacher has to be there to guide the pupils in acquisition of the motor skills irrespective of pupil’s gender.
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