IMPACT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Framework
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.4 Empirical Framework
2.5 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Area of the Study
3.4 Population of the Study
3.5 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.6 Instrument for Data Collection
3.7 Validity of Instrument
3.8 Reliability of Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Demographic Data of Respondents
4.3 Analysis of Data
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Discussion of Findings
5.3 Summary
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 Recommendations
5.6 Limitation of the Study
5.7 Suggestion for Further Studies
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Indeed, more than thirty bacteria, viruses and parasites are known to be transmitted through sexual contact. Eight of these pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of STIs. Specifically, of the eight infections, four are currently curable; syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis. The other four are viral infections and are incurable; hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), and HIV (WHO, 2016).
Moreover, the morbidity from STIs, excluding HIV in women aged 15 – 45 years, ranks second only to maternal causes (WHO, 2016). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimate indicates that 498.9 million new STIs occur annually among people aged between 15 – 49 years. Therefore, Sub-Saharan Africa has an STI incidence of 240/1000 which is the highest in the world (WHO, 2009).
Undeniably, evidence shows that in Africa, Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis increase HIV virus acquisition and transmission (Tang VA and Rosenthal, 2010).
According to Gerd and Stephen (2011), more than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others.
IMPACT OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AMONG WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE
Parasitic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) include trichomoniasis among others. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a major health problem worldwide causing significant morbidity and mortality in women of child bearing age in the developing and developed countries alike.
Without reservation, an important feature of the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is their high prevalence among women of child bearing age. Thus, serious consequences of sexually transmitted infections among females include pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, chronic pelvic pain, genital malignancy, congenital defects, and even death (World Health Organization, 2013).
In addition, Hoffman (2012) maintained that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the most common infections that affect women of child bearing age, imposing an enormous burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The fact that STIs are most prevalent among adolescents and young adults adds to the significance of this burden.
The AIDS pandemic best illustrates the impact of STIs on mankind especially in the developing countries where the collateral effects of AIDS have far reaching consequences.
Incidence and prevalence rates of sexually transmitted infections are high reaching epidemic proportions in most countries, but they vary from one country to the other and among different groups within the same country. Factors that promoted the spread of sexually transmitted infections to reach epidemic proportions include the high asymptomatic carrier state, the lack of vaccines, and the inadequate protection provided by condoms in preventing transmission (Shukla and Poles, 2014).
According to Gerd and Stephen (2011), “prevention is better and cheaper than cure”, as such, the most effective way of tackling sexually transmitted infections is by not having sex at all. Though some vaccinations may decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of Hepatitis virus. But safer sex practices such as use of condoms. Having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has sex with the other decreases the risk. Most STIs are treatable or curable.
Of the most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis are curable, while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV are treatable but not curable. Resistance to certain antibiotics is developing among some organisms such as gonorrhea (World Health Organization, 2013). This study aimed to examine the impact of sexually transmitted infections among women of child bearing age attending state low cost primary health care center, Bauchi State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) management at the primary health care level is very important since this is the first level of health care which should meet the most important needs of the people.
The burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide resulting from sexually transmitted pathogens compromises the quality of life, as well as sexual and reproductive health, newborn, and child health. Sexually transmitted infections also facilitate indirectly the sexual transmission of HIV.
Sexually transmitted infections impose a substantial strain on the budgets of both households and national health systems in middle- and low-income countries, and have an adverse effect on the overall well-being of individuals. With more than 12 million new cases occurring annually, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the most commonly reported diseases that affect all population groups in the world (Center for Disease Control, 2013).
There is a general lack of public awareness and knowledge regarding sexually transmitted infections, because some are initially asymptomatic but may cause serious health problems years after infection. Therefore, the delay between initial infection and serious complications contributes to the lack of awareness of the impact of sexually transmitted infections.
Summing up, women of child bearing age (15-49 years) are particularly vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections because they are more biologically susceptible to certain infections than men and because they are more likely to have asymptomatic infections that result in delayed diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, this prompted the researcher to examine the impact of sexually transmitted infections among women of child bearing age.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of sexually transmitted infections among women of child bearing age attending state low cost primary health care center, Bauchi State.
Specifically, the objectives of the study are as follows:
- To find out the knowledge of women of child bearing age about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) as a result of primary health care center in Bauchi
- To identify the problems posed by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on the reproductive system of women of child bearing age in Bauchi
- To proffer solution to the menace of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women of child bearing age in Bauchi
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions guided the study:
- Are women of child bearing age attending state low cost primary health care center in Bauchi State aware of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
- What are the problems posed by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women of child bearing age in Bauchi State?
- What are the solutions to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among women of child bearing age in Bauchi State?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research focuses on the impact of sexually transmitted infections among women of child bearing age attending state low cost primary health care center, Bauchi State. As such, it is believed that it will educate the target group on the causes and impacts of sexually transmitted infections.
The findings of this study can guide best practices to assist with understanding the urgency of comprehensive sex education among women of child bearing age.
Furthermore, it will be of immense important, as this study also seek to proffer solution to the alarming effects of sexually transmitted infections. The study will also be of great benefit to health workers in which they may use this study to educate the people at risk.
Also, the study will enlighten the general public on the reasons for continued increased sexual transmitted infections transmission even with methods of prevention.
In addition, the governments should work with communities and schools to increase STIs awareness. Also, Government and health agencies can achieve increased STIs awareness through education courses for all ages regarding STIs prevention, and by empowering women of child bearing age to say no and make decisions to secure their sexual health.
Lastly, the Governments will also benefit from this study by using the recommendations and suggestions from this study to take necessary action so as to help the target group.
Definitions of Terms
Impact: In brief, to have an important or noticeable effect on something.
Sex: In brief, this refers to one chance of being categorized as a male female based only on external genitalia.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are reproductive tract Infections (RTIs) that are transmitted by sexual means.
Primary Health Care Center: In brief, this is the basic structural and functional unit of the public health services that makes universal health care accessible to all individuals and families in a community.
Conclusion
Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant. This study examines sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and its effect among women of childbearing age and its effects on their reproductive life. The result from the study shows that women of child bearing age are aware of sexually transmitted infections. These infections have a lot of complications which threatens human life. As such, there is need to adopt preventive measures to curb the menace cause by these infections.
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