COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMON ROOFING MATERIALS IN NIGERIA
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMON ROOFING MATERIALS IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Undeniably, due to rapid change in the living standard besides climate changes and economic development, the energy use in buildings is continuously ascending and would be many fold in the near future. Promoting energy efficient technologies as well as energy conservation in buildings is therefore becoming one of the major concerns for the scientific community. The building sector is one of the major energy consumers and contributes to about 40% of global energy consumption.
Construction cost planning involves a systematic analysis of the structure of a building which enables a price for each consequent parts to be valued against each performance requirement. Several designs may then be programmed and valued so that a number of alternatives is offered to satisfy building requirement (Wang, 2019). The largest thermal gain in the modern world happens through a house’s roof.
The building’s primary purpose is to maintain a minimal energy footprint while providing residents with a healthy and comfortable thermal environment. However, the usage of zinc-made roofs without ceilings is widespread in Nigeria, which results in strong heat transfer to the interior environment and the possibility of thermal discomfort for residents (Etuk et al., 2017).
The majority of construction materials, in particular roofing and walling materials, are efficient heat conductors. When a structure is constructed, sheet metal made of materials like zinc and aluminum is frequently used for the roofing and walling.
However, these materials are extremely uncomfortable for the building’s occupants. Extreme thirst, a high body temperature, nausea, mental malfunction, etc. are just a few examples of this heat pain Utilizing radiant barriers, which lower the heat flux, is one technique to lessen thermal discomfort.
Heat is transmitted into interior spaces of buildings through roofs, walls, and partially through cooling panels because to the prevalent materials used as roofing sheets and materials like zinc and aluminum that have significant thermal conductivity. Since the heat flow in any building is dependent on the thermal properties of the materials used in the building, understanding the thermal characteristics of materials is crucial when choosing the type of material to be used as a radiant barrier (insulator) (Onyeaju et al., 2012).
The optimum aim of the thermal characteristics’ comparison of different building materials utilized for the ceiling is to ensure a healthy and comfortable thermal environment at a minimal cost. This is to enable a price for each consequent parts to be valued against each performance requirement in a house’s roof for the building’s occupants in developing countries.
Observation in the current competitive world suggests that those who are financially secure and economically favored typically choose the most expensive ceiling materials without taking into account how well these materials insulate against heat (Gesa et al., 2014). Based on this fact, the purpose of this study project is to examine the thermal characteristics (thermal insulation effectiveness) of the most popular ceiling materials in Nigeria.
Thermal insulators have been used in heat storage system to prevent temperature gradient thereby minimizing heat losses to the surrounding (Turner and Malloy 1988).
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMON ROOFING MATERIALS IN NIGERIA
In housing construction, insulators are used to prevent heat exchange across the boundaries of shelter. These insulating materials are usually made in various types, varieties, and form. Like loose fill rigid board pipes and foam, proper selection of insulating materials is based on the thermal properties which includes the thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal resistivity and thermal diffusity (Ayugi, 2009).
Thermal insulator is provided by embedding insulation materials at least on the roofing area and the vertical walls of the system. (Novo and Baryon, 2010). Poor thermal insulation in heat losses or heat gain as the case may be. (Suman and Srivastava, 2009). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plaster of Paris (POP) and Aesthetic timber ceiling boards are ceiling purpose in Nigeria mainly due to availability in the market or their stunning appearance and not on their low thermal conductivity.
However, some of these thermal insulators are not suitable ceiling materials to be used. This work therefore sets to determine among other things the insulation materials that provide better solution as ceiling material in terms of thermal conductivity or thermal resistivity thereby provide a guide for builders.
Series of studies have been carried out to determine the insulating material that provides better solution as ceiling material.
Research conducted by (George, Obianwu, Akpabio and Obot, 2010) on the thermal insulation efficiency of some selected material used as ceiling in building design show that the roof ceiling materials Plaster of Paris, Asbestos and suspended ceilings are recommended as ceiling materials with good thermal insulation efficiency when compared with Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cardboard. (Suman et al, 2009) also conducted a research on the influence of thermal insulation on conductive heat transfer through roofing ceiling construction and the result show that treated roof has high thermal resistivity.
(Gesa, Newton, Roy and Aondoakaa, 2014), investigated thermal insulation properties of some roofing ceiling materials which result shows that Plaster of Paris provides the best thermal insulation (having low thermal conductivity and high thermal resistivity) when compared to ply wood and isorel (masonite) ceiling board.
(Michael, Evelyn, Chinedu, and Arusuedfe, 2012) compared the thermal properties of Asbestos and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ceiling sheets, the result shows that it has a higher thermal resistivity when compared to Asbestos. (Etuk et al, 2005) conducted a research on the thermal properties of Cocos Nucifera Truck, which shows that coco palm has low thermal conductivity resulting to high thermal resistivity that favor it as interior building insulation materials. This work is therefore aimed at studying comparative study of thermal properties of some common roofing materials in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The assessment of a building‘s performance amounts to several benefits of which enhanced thermal comfort of occupants is key, in order to establish a productive, and healthy environment (Olsen & Iverson, 2006). Buildings are meant to be designed to ensure that human comfort conditions are easily and efficiently maintained through the variety of passive and active means.
In Nigeria, no relation is made between the thermal comfort of school pupils and their classroom architectural characteristics. Since children, spend most of their day time indoors in schools, the classroom‘s indoor environment is therefore paramount.
Furthermore, building performance has been analyzed with respect to the mechanical aspects;
literature reveals that the effect of architectural and thermal properties of buildings is almost not
considered in most field studies (Zomorodian, Tahsildoosta & Hafezia, 2016).
Hence, there is a paucity in this regard when compared to the volume of researches on mechanical characteristics, Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems, (HVAC), for Africa, and even more so, in Nigeria.
A recent review of thermal comfort studies showed a few survey researches carried out in the sub- tropical and tropical regions, and much more in the temperate regions; most of which were carried out from the ages of eleven and above (11-17), which coincides with the secondary school level in Nigeria. Such surveys were in Singapore Taiwan and Japan, and the cases studied were buildings that were naturally ventilated (NV), and a few in a combination of both natural and mechanical combination (mixed mode).
Furthermore, in thermal comfort studies, a wide disparity exists in thermal neutralities observed in studies conducted within the same climatic zones. Therefore, similar results cannot apply to places even within the same region. Hence, this present study aimed to examine the comparative study of thermal properties of some common roofing materials in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
1.2 Aim and objectives
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Scope and limitation of the study
1.5 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Thermal Properties of Roofing Material
2.2. Thermal Conductivity
2.3. Method of Measuring Thermal Conductivity
2.3.1 Steady‐State Method
2.3.2 Axial Flow Methods
2.3.3 Guarded Hot Pla.. bte Method
2.3.4 Direct Heating Method
2.3.5 Comparative Method
2.3.6 Heat‐Flow Meters Method
2.3.7 System Design Method
2.3.8 Advantages of the Steady‐State Methods to Other Methods
2.3.9 Disadvantages of the Steady‐State Methods to Other Methods
2.3.10 Determination of Thermal Conductivity in Steady State
2.3.11 Non steady state or Transient Method
2.3.12 Laser Flash Method
2.3.13 Hot‐Disk Method
2.4 Thermal Resistivity (R)
2.5 Thermal Conductance(C)
2.6 Thermal Diffusivity
2.7 Thermal Absorptivity
2.8 Specific Heat Capacity
2.9 Relationship between Thermal Conductivity Thermal Diffusivity, Density and Specific Heat Capacity
2.10 Heat Transfer
2.10.1 Conduction
2.10.2 Convection
2.10.3 Radiation
2.11 Heat Transfer through A Roof
2.12 Thermal Radiation
2.13 Solar Radiation
2.14 Solar Absorption
2.15 Roof Colour
2.16 Review of Previous Work
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.2 Sample preparation
3.3 Methods
3.4 Circuit Diagram
3.5 Experimental Procedure for Electrical Conductivity
3.6 Experimental Procedure for Specific Heat Capacity
3.7 Experimental Procedure for Density
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result of sample dimensions and mass measurement
4.2 Computation of Cross Sectional Area of the Sample
4.3 Density of Each Sample
4.4 Experimental Results of Resistance, Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity
4.5 Results of thermal properties of the sample
4.6 Graphical Analysis of Result
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
References
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