AWARENESS OF THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF MALARIA
AWARENESS OF THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF MALARIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Declaration
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Significance of Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypotheses
1.7 Scope/Limitation of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample size
3.5 Sampling Techniques
3.6 Instrumentation
3.7 Reliability of the instrument
3.8 Validity of the instrument –
3.9 Procedure for Data Collection
3.10 Data Analysis Technique
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
The vast majority of malaria deaths occur in Africa, south of the Sahara, where malaria also presents major obstacles to social and economic development. There are at least 300 million acute cases of malaria each year globally resulting in more than a million deaths. However, around 90% of these deaths occur in Africa, mostly in young children.
Malaria is Africa’s leading cause of under-five mortality (20%) and constitutes 10% of the continent’s overall disease burden. Thus, it accounts for 40% of public health expenditure, 30-50% of in-patient admissions, and up to 50% of outpatient visits in areas with high malaria transmission.
Without reservation, malaria accounts for over 60% of outpatient visit in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries. Prompt access to effective anti- malarial treatment is one of the major strategies for reducing the burden of malaria. Prompt access means having treatment available as near to home as possible so that it is given within 24hrs of onset of symptoms.
AWARENESS OF THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF MALARIA
Malaria is the leading cause of death for both adults and children in Tanzania, killing 100,000-125,000 people annually (CDC, 2023).
Environmental conditions play an important role in the transmission of malaria, as macro-environmental factors, such as climatic conditions (temperature and rainfall), micro environmental factors, such as local topography, and human land use and management greatly influence vector abundance.
Specifically, environmental management consists of installing and maintaining drains, removing pools of stagnant water, managing vegetation, irrigating intermittently, and altering rivers to create faster flowing water (Keiser et al., 2005).
Additional techniques include filling holes and larviciding (Lindsay et al., 2004; Walker 2002; Yohannes et al., 2005). Multiple studies have shown that the reduction of mosquito-breeding habitat through environmental management has significantly decreased mosquito abundance in surrounding areas (Ault, 1994; Okech et al., 2008; Yasuoka et al., 2006a; Yohannes et al., 2005).
Additionally, in Nepal, community-based environmental management consisting of clearing vegetation in ponds, draining and filling areas that collect water, and repairing irrigation canals resulted in a reduction in malaria cases by 35% in the intervention villages in 1983 versus the baseline year (1982) (Ault, 1994). This form of malaria control is relatively inexpensive, simple for local communities to implement and maintain, and not harmful to humans or the local environment (Keiser et al., 2005).
Therefore, community-level environ- mental management, if implemented as part of an integrated vector-management program and paired with control strategies, such as mosquito nets, could prove effective at reducing malaria burden.
Yet household-level environmental management relies on sufficient community participation to achieve efficacy in reducing mosquito populations.
An accurate understanding of mosquito biology and habitat requirements is likely to play a role in one’s participation in controlling these habitats to reduce mosquito populations. Studies have illustrated that a lack of understanding of mosquito biology is prevalent in African communities. For example, in a survey of 1,451 households in Kenya, 65% of respondents stated that they did not know what mosquito larvae look like (Opiyo et al., 2007).
1.2 Statement of the problem
During the last 40 years, the population of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has almost trebled, growing by more than 15 million people each year, to the present level of over 600 million (www.fao.org). Moreover, as the population continues to grow, people move away from the countryside to the cities, attracted by the hope of a better life. At present, one third of Africans in SSA live in cities, and this proportion is likely to grow in the future.
In fact, it is estimated that more than half of all Africans will live in cities by 2022. Thus the urban environment will become an increasingly important feature of African life. Although malaria is primarily a rural disease, it can also be a considerable drain on populations living on the fringes of urban settlements, causing significant morbidity and mortality while also reducing productivity (Trape 1987, Bouganalih et al. 1993, Baujat et al. 1997, Beier et al. 2003).
Following observation from the study area, it was clear that malaria was a significant public health problem in the cities. This problem is likely to grow as a result of the increase in parasite strains resistant to chloroquine (Babirye et al. 2000).
At present the major foci of malaria control include the case management of clinical episodes of malaria, the promotion of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), focal indoor residual insecticide spraying (IRS), presumptive treatment of malaria in pregnant women and environmental management (EM). The awareness of the use of environmental management in the control and prevention of malaria.
EM, through a process of social mobilization and community participation, is being encouraged by the Ministry of Health and includes filling small water collections, clearing bushes around homes and closing windows early in the evening.
With a growing focus on community-level environmental management as a component of malaria control, it becomes crucial to determine existing beliefs regarding the link between malaria and the environment, and how these beliefs relate to environmental management practices.
1.3 Objective of the study
The main purpose of this study was on the awareness of the use of environmental management in the control and prevention of malaria.
Specifically, the Objectives are:
(i) To determine the effectiveness of methods of controlling mosquito population around the homes in Afaha Nsit.
(ii) To determines the effectiveness of methods of controlling mosquito population inside the home in Afaha Nsit
(iii) To determine the effectiveness of methods of preventing malaria in Afaha Nsit.
1.4 Significance of the study
It is now widely acknowledged that access to appropriate and effective treatment for malaria should be provided within 24 hours of onset of symptoms.
A strategy to provide such access should take into account poor rural populations in malaria-endemic countries who are particularly inadequately served by the health system. Evidence from Nigeria shows that most episodes of fever are initially self-treated and over 70% of cases rely exclusively on it.
However of this proportion only 15% of the actions taken were adjudged as appropriate. Thus, this pattern has been consistent across the Country as documented in several other reports. Therefore, the awareness of the use of environmental management in the control and prevention of malaria.
A study of health seeking behavior for childhood illnesses in 3 rural Nigerian communities showed that the most common form of first line treatment was drugs from a patent medicine vendor (49.6%), while only 3.6% did nothing.
In a study conducted at Igbo Etiti and Ibarapa North in Nigeria on 105 preschool children, Brieger et al found that 74% of parents took treatment action under 8 hours of onset of illness, while nearly 96% acted within 24 hours. Thus, only 14.3% of these actions were judged to have been appropriate.
Also, studies in rural areas have shown the feasibility of home management and its positive impact on the burden of malaria. There is also paucity of data on environmental management in Nigeria.
1.5 Research Question
Three research questions were formulated to guide the study is as follows:
- What is the most effective method of controlling mosquito population around the home in Afaha Nsit?
- What is the most effective method of controlling mosquito population in the home in Afaha Nsit?
- What is the most effective method of prevention of malaria in Afaha Nsit?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant effectiveness difference in methods used around the home to reduce mosquito population in Afaha Nsit
HA: There is significant effectiveness difference in method used around the home to reduce mosquito population in Afaha Nsit.
Hypothesis II
Ho: There is no significant effectiveness difference in methods used within the home to reduce mosquito.
HA: there is a significant effectiveness difference in the methods used within the home to reduce mosquito population
Hypothesis 111
Ho: there is no significant effectiveness difference in methods used in Afaha Nsit as protection/prevention against malaria.
HA: There is a significant effectiveness difference in methods used in Afaha Nsit as protection/prevention against malaria.
1.6 Scope/Limitation of the study
This study will focus on the awareness of the use environmental management in the control and prevention of malaria. It will explore the important role played by environment in the transmission prevention and control of malaria. It carried out in Afaha Nsit, Nsit Ibom L.G.A, Akwa Ibom State.
The limitation faced by the researcher include how to get the data necessary for the study and also the availability of literature, considering the recent and limited studies in this area.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Environmental: Environmental means relating to or caused by the surroundings in which someone lives or something exists.
Environmental Management: In brief, can be defined as “the management of the interaction and impact of activities on the natural environment”.
Management: Is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading, motivation and controlling the human resources, financially, physical, and information resources of an organization to reach its goals efficiently and effectively.
Malaria: In brief, is a disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.
Awareness: Is the state of being conscious of something. More specifically, it is the ability to directly know and perceive, to feel, or to be cognizant of events.
Prevention: Prevention is the act of stopping something or ensuring something does not happen.
Conclusions
By examining the methods of malaria prevention, this study has shown the level of awareness of the use of environmental management in the control and prevention of malaria. The awareness of the use of environmental management in the control and prevention of malaria.
The usual method of bed-net is the significant methods of control and prevention of malaria. Spray of insecticide both within and around the home is significant. Also clearing home environmental by clearing the bushes and shrubs is significant effectiveness in the methods used to control and prevent of malaria.
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